Determination of the type of precipitated CALCIUM SULFATE in mixing two incompatible injection and formation waters was studied experimentally in this work at two temperatures of 26oC and 80oC. Here the SEM, EDX and XRD techniques have been used to inspect the temperature effects on the morphology, type, and size of the precipitated CALCIUM SULFATE crystals. The results of this work show that the precipitated scales at these temperatures are CALCIUM SULFATE dihydrate and the temperature influences the size of crystals dramatically. The crystallization mechanism is the next issue which has been studied in this work. Measuring the amount of precipitated scale in the mixing of the incompatible waters versus time depicts the scale formation controlling mechanisms. According to the obtained results in this work, three primary nucleations, crystal growth, and secondary nucleation control the CALCIUM SULFATE scale precipitation.

Determination of the type of precipitated CALCIUM SULFATE in mixing two incompatible injection and formation waters was studied experimentally in this work at two temperatures of 26oC and 80oC. Here the SEM, EDX and XRD techniques have been used to inspect the temperature effects on the morphology, type, and size of the precipitated CALCIUM SULFATE crystals. The results of this work show that the precipitated scales at these temperatures are CALCIUM SULFATE dihydrate and the temperature influences the size of crystals dramatically. The crystallization mechanism is the next issue which has been studied in this work. Measuring the amount of precipitated scale in the mixing of the incompatible waters versus time depicts the scale formation controlling mechanisms. According to the obtained results in this work, three primary nucleations, crystal growth, and secondary nucleation control the CALCIUM SULFATE scale precipitation.

Soil is a suitable medium for the growth and transport of different microorganisms. Recently, an increasing interest has been shown in the transport and fate of microorganisms in porous media due to the concern for potential outbreaks of diseases caused by surface and groundwater contamination. Soils in arid and semi-arid regions as in Iran contain considerable amounts of SULFATEs and carbonates which may influence the adsorption and filtration of bacteria. This research was carried out to determine the adsorption and filtration of Pseudomonas fluorescens through sand columns mixed with different amounts of CALCIUM carbonate and CALCIUM SULFATE under unsaturated flow conditions. Four levels of CALCIUM carbonate: 0, 5, 10, and 20 %w/w and three levels of gypsum: 0, 5, and 10 %w/w were mixed with sand and the treatments were arranged in a (completely randomized) factorial design with three replicates. The prepared mixtures were poured homogenously into Pyrex pyrex cylinders with height of 20 cm and internal diameter of 7 cm. A constant concentration (106 CFU m-1) of cylinders 20 cm high and 7 cm in internal diameter. A constant concentration (106 CFU m-1) of bacteria suspensions was supplied at the upper boundary limit of the columns in a steady state flow and was followed for five pore volumes (PV). The bacteria concentration was measured at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm sections of the columns immediately after leaching. The results showed that CALCIUM SULFATE and CALCIUM carbonate were able to significantly influence the filtration of bacteria in all measured sections. The combination of carbonate SULFATE and CALCIUM carbonate treatments also significantly increased the physical filtration of bacteria along the columns. The retained bacterial profiles and the filtration coefficient obviously showed that the bacteria were held mostly in the upper layers of the columns. Enhanced physical filteration, tortuosity, and reduced apparent pore water velocity are known to be important in bacterial filtration under unsaturated conditions along the column layers. Therefore, these results imply that soils with CALCIUM carbonate and CALCIUM SULFATE may play an important role in bacterial filtration and, thereby, in reducing the pollution of water resources.

One of the common problems in porous media, such as oil reservoirs and surface facilities, is the mineral scale formation that directly affects the production rate. Controlling and mitigating scale formation have therefore been investigated intensively in both research and industrial fields for many years. Recently, due to the limitations applied by the international community for environmental protection and according to the point that laboratory investigations of any scale inhibitors under oilfield conditions is essential prior to its use in oil industries, environmentally friendly green inhibitors have attracted a great attention. In the present study, the performance of two green scale inhibitors and one commercial phosphate-based inhibitor against CALCIUM carbonate and CALCIUM SULFATE formation were investigated using standard static tests (Jar tests) and XRD analysis to determine the performance of appropriate inhibitor. The results demonstrate that to achieve reasonable inhibition efficiency, inhibitor A is more efficient than B, although higher amount of green inhibitors is consumed in comparison with the commercial phosphonate-based ones.

Introduction: One of the most important characteristics of pathogenic bacteria which influenced water resources is their survival ability under natural condition. Most of the bacteria cannot survive more than 60 days after being excreted from living bodies, unless minimum optimized condition is provided for them, because environmental conditions are unfavorable for bacteria. The survival of bacteria in soil depends on several factors including bacterial species, competition with other microorganisms, type of manure and its application style, soil moisture, soil temperature, nutrient availability, soil aeration and its soluble salts, soil pH and texture and some other factors. Extractions of soil saturation paste with salinity higher than 25 dS m-1 have adverse effect on microorganism activity. Researches showed that rapid passage of water through soil profile caused severe changes in osmotic pressure of soil solution, which has high effects on microorganism survival. Given that soil moisture is the main affecting factor on bacterial survival, appropriate soil moisture for bacterial survival is nearly 75% to 100% of field capacity (FC).

In many countries, contamination of surface and subsurface water resources threatens human and other organisms' life. Improper application of animal manures and sewage sludge is considered an important cause for the soil and water pollutions. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are the significant case of animal and human death in many parts of the world. Animal manures can contain several human pathogens that can potentially contribute to surface and groundwater contamination when applied to agricultural soils. Transport of pathogenic bacteria has been recently considered as a major source of surface and subsurface water contaminations. Bacterial transport through porous media and the affecting factors are the subjects of many recent researches. Many factors affect the bacterial transport through the soil profile. Soil physical, chemical and biological properties such as soil water content, porosity, flow velocity, pore attributes, pH, organic matter and temperature, climate factors and the bacteria properties such as size, type and mobility, could influence the bacterial transport. Soil might act as a filter for bacteria. The high soil water content could facilitate the bacterial transport. Water flow velocity is also an important factor affecting the bacterial transport. Specific surface of soil particles also affects the bacterial retention in the soil. Net electrical charges of most bacteria are negative so that adsorption is greater at low pH values due to positive charges of soil surfaces in acidic conditions.CALCIUM carbonate (CaCO3) and CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4) are the two important soil minerals in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and many countries. There was no information about specific influences of these minerals on the bacterial transport. This study was conducted to explore the impacts of these two minerals on Pseudomonas fluorescents transport through repacked mineral-sand mixtures under unsaturated water flow condition. The sand was collected from the North beach and was carefully washed with distilled water. The sand had no organic matter but had 7.5% CaCO3, 2.1 and 8.3 g kg-1 amorphous and crystalline Fe, and 0.32 and 1.1 g kg-1 amorphous and crystalline AI, respectively. The treatments consisted of CaCO3 (0, 5, 10 and 20 %w/w) and CaSO4 (0, 5 and 10 %w/w) which were mixed with the sand. The experiment was in factorial arrangement adapted to a completely randomized design with three replicates.

Background: The control of parenchymal hemorrhage especially in liver parenchyma, despite surgical science progresses, is still one of the challenges surgeons face saving the patients’ lives and there is a research challenge between the researchers in this field to introduce a more effective method. This study aimed to compare the hemostatic effect of CALCIUM SULFATE and ferric SULFATE on controlling the bleeding from liver parenchymal tissue.Methods: In this animal model study 60 male wistar rats were used. A length of two cm and a depth of half a cm incision was made on each mouse’s liver and the hemostasis time was measured using CALCIUM SULFATE and ferric SULFATE different concentrations (15%, 25%, and 50%). Finally, the obtained data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using Kruskal-wallis test, Mann – Whitney, Kolmogorov – Smirnov and also Wilcoxon signed ranks test.Results: In all groups we had complete hemostasis. The hemostasis time of CALCIUM SULFATE concentration groups was significantly less than that of the ferric SULFATE group (p<0.01).Conclusion: CALCIUM SULFATE and ferric SULFATE can control liver bleeding and both are effective hemostatic agents in controlling liver parenchymal tissue hemorrhage in an animal model.

A bioactive CALCIUM SULFATE/glass composite was prepared using a sintering technique, and Ca– P– Si glass particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis. The glass exhibited bioactivity in terms of its ability to form apatite in a simulated body fluid. The glass was transformed into two crystallized phases, i. e., CALCIUM phosphate and CALCIUM silicate, respectively, during the heating stage. The presence of the crystallized phases retarded the densification of CALCIUM SULFATE. A high sintering temperature of 1200 ° C was needed to prepare the composite. The increased addition of glass enhanced the strength and decreases the degradation rate of CALCIUM SULFATE. The new composite is not only degradable but also bioactive.